Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Rechargeable Battery shopping experience:

1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Rechargeable Battery offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Rechargeable Battery at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.

2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about

3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Rechargeable Battery? Wrong! If the Rechargeable Battery is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.

4. Questions - Got a question about Rechargeable Battery then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....

5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Rechargeable Battery? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Rechargeable Battery and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.

6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Rechargeable Battery wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.

7. Feedback - happy with your Rechargeable Battery then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.

8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Rechargeable Battery site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site

9. Contact - got a question about Rechargeable Battery, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.

10. Payment - ready to pay for your Rechargeable Battery, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.

mobile phone battery.A rechargeable battery, also known as a storage battery, is a group of two or more electrochemical cell. These battery (electricity) can be restored to full charge by the application of electrical energy. In other words, they are electrochemical cells in which the electrochemistry chemical reaction that releases energy is readily reversible. Rechargeable electrochemical cells are therefore a type of accumulator. They come in many different designs using different chemicals. Commonly used secondary cell chemistries are Lead-acid battery, Nickel-cadmium battery (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium ion battery (Li-ion), and lithium ion polymer battery (Li-ion polymer).

Rechargeable batteries can offer an economic benefit when used instead of one-time-use disposable batteries. Most rechargeable battery technology has been adapted into the standard “AA,” “AAA,” “C,” “sub-C,” “D,” and “9-volt” configurations that consumers are familiar with. While the rechargeable versions of these types of cells have a higher up-front cost than disposable batteries, rechargeable batteries can be discharged and recharged many times. Some manufacturers of NiMH type rechargeable batteries claim a lifespan up to 3000 charge cycles for their batteries.

Usage and applications Unlike nonrechargeable batteries (primary cells), secondary cells must be charged before use. Attempting to recharge nonrechargeable batteries is not advised as it has a small chance of causing a Battery explosion#Battery explosion.

Some types of rechargeable batteries are susceptible to damage due to Rechargeable battery#Reverse charging if they are fully discharged; other types need to be fully discharged occasionally in order to maintain the capacity for deep discharge. Fully integrated battery chargers that optimize the charging current are available.

Rechargeable batteries currently are used for lower power applications such as automobile starters, portable consumer devices, tools, and uninterruptible power supply. Emerging applications in petroleum electric hybrid vehicle and battery electric vehicle are driving the technology to improve cost, reduce weight, and increase lifetime. Future applications are proposed to use rechargeable batteries for load leveling, where they would store baseline electric power for use during peak load periods, and for renewable energy uses, such as storing power generated from photovoltaic arrays during the day to be used at night.

The National Electrical Manufacturers Association has estimated that U.S. demand for rechargeables is growing twice as fast as demand for nonrechargeables. http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/reduce/epr/products/batteries.htm

Charging During charging, the positive active material is oxidized, producing electrons, and the negative material is reduced, consuming electrons. These electrons constitute the electric current flow in the external electrical network. The electrolyte may serve as a simple buffer for ionic flow between the electrodes, as in lithium-ion battery and nickel-cadmium battery cells, or it may be an active participant in the electrochemical reaction, as in lead-acid battery cells.

The reactions in lead-acid cells are illustrated in the following diagrams.





The half-cell reactions and overall cell reaction for the lead-acid system are as follows:

Positive electrode

\mbox{PbO}_2 + \mbox{SO}_4^{2-} + 4\mbox{H}^+ +4e^- \begin{smallmatrix}{\mbox{discharge-->\\{\longrightarrow}\\{\longleftarrow}\\{\mbox{charge-->\end{smallmatrix} \mbox{PbSO}_4 + 2\mbox{H}_2\mbox{O}

Negative electrode

\mbox{Pb} + \mbox{SO}_4^{2-} \begin{smallmatrix}{\mbox{discharge-->\\{\longrightarrow}\\{\longleftarrow}\\{\mbox{charge-->\end{smallmatrix} \mbox{PbSO}_4 + 4e^-

Overall reaction

\mbox{PbO}_2 + \mbox{Pb} + 2\mbox{H}_2\mbox{SO}_4 \begin{smallmatrix}{\mbox{discharge-->\\{\longrightarrow}\\{\longleftarrow}\\{\mbox{charge-->\end{smallmatrix} 2\mbox{PbSO}_4 + 2\mbox{H}_2\mbox{O}



The energy used to charge rechargeable batteries mostly comes from mains electricity using an adapter unit. It can be wired or wireless energy transfer. Charging backup batteries using Energy demand management energy paid for by on-peak excess electric power from residential Photovoltaic modules exactly matches the critical peak shortage and nightly electric surplus. This load-leveling function helps eliminate the need for expensive peaking power plants and helps amortize the cost of generators over more hours of operation. Charging from the 12-volt battery of a car is also possible. Use of a electrical generator is also possible, but it is not clear if such devices are commercially made. One can also use portable batteries to charge or to be used directly after recharging. Most battery chargers can take several hours to charge a battery (excepting Nano Titanate battery). Most batteries can be charged in far less time than the most common simple battery chargers are capable of. Duracell now sells a charger that can charge AA- and AAA-size NiMH batteries in just 15 minutes. Flow battery don't need to be charged on place, because they can be charged by replacing the electrolyte liquid.

Battery manufacturers' technical notes often refer to VPC. This is Volts Per Electrochemical cell, and refers to the individual secondary cells that make up the battery. For example, to charge a 12V battery (containing 6 cells of 2V each) at 2.3VPC requires a voltage of 15.6V across the battery's terminals.

Recharging electric vehicles Recharging an electric vehicle using off-peak energy paid for by on-peak excess electric power from residential solar panels exactly matches the critical peak shortage and nightly electric surplus. While electric vehicles can charge slowly at night, raising the nightly low electric use, solar panels can lower the daytime peak, flattening the daily usage curve and lowering the cost of electric power for all users.

Reverse charging Reverse charging, which damages batteries, is when a rechargeable battery is recharged with its polarity reversed. Reverse charging can occur under a number of circumstances, the two most important being:



Active Components The active components in a secondary cell are the chemicals that make up the positive and negative active materials, and the electrolyte. The positive and negative are made up of different materials, with the positive exhibiting a redox potential and the negative having an oxidation potential. The sum of these potentials is the standard cell potential or voltage.

In primary cells the positive and negative electrodes are known as the cathode and anode, respectively. Although this convention is sometimes carried through to rechargeable systems—especially with lithium-ion battery cells, because of their origins in primary lithium cells—this practice can lead to confusion. In rechargeable cells the positive electrode is the cathode on discharge and the anode on charge, and vice versa for the negative electrode.

Example: Nickel Metal Hydride

Nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) is the active component in the positive, while the negative is composed of hydrogen in the form of metal hydride. The electrolyte of this secondary cell is an aqueous form of potassium hydroxide.

In the discharge process, the nickel oxyhydroxide is reduced to nickel hydroxide and the metal hydride is reduced to an alloy.

Nickel-Metal Hydride

{| border="1" style="background-color:#FFFF88"|style="background-color:#FFFF00" |Location|align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF00"|Reactions|style="background-color:#FFFF00" |Voltage|-|align="center" height="28" |Negative|MH + OH- —> M + H2O + e-|align="center" |0.83|-|align="center" height="28" |Positive|valign="top" |NiOOH + H2O + e- —> Ni(OH)2 + OH-|align="center" |0.52|-|align="center" height="28" |Overall|NiOOH + MH —> Ni(OH)2 + M|align="center" |1.35|}

Battery types {| class="wikitable"!rowspan="2"|Technology!rowspan="2"|Type!Voltagea!colspan="3"|Energy densityb!Powerc!Effi.d!E/$e!Disch.f!Cyclesg!Lifeh!rowspan="2"|Advantages!rowspan="2"|Disadvantages!rowspan="2"|Applic.k!rowspan="2"|Since|-!style="font-weight: normal"|(V)!style="font-weight: normal"|(MJ/kg)!style="font-weight: normal"|(Wh/kg)!style="font-weight: normal"|(Wh/L)!style="font-weight: normal"|(W/kg)!style="font-weight: normal"|(%)!style="font-weight: normal"|!style="font-weight: normal"|(%/mo)!style="font-weight: normal"|(#)!style="font-weight: normal"|(years)|-!rowspan="2"| Lead-acid! Lead-acid battery| 2.1 or 2.2| 0.11-0.14| 30-40| 60-75| 180| 70%-92%| 5-8| 3%-4%| 500-800|| price, well understood, dependable, low maintenance| heavyl; environmentally unfriendly; storageq| car battery| 1859|-!VRLAi]||-!rowspan="4"|Nickel!Nickel-iron battery| 1.2| 0.18| 50|| 100| 65%| 5-7.3 mpoweruk.com: Accumulator and battery comparisons (pdf)| 20%-40%||| robust| heavyl; tempt; cost| backup| 1903|-!Nickel-cadmium battery| 1.2| 0.14-0.22| 40-60| 50-150| 150| 70%-90%|| 20%| 1500|| long life; fast charge| heavyl; toxic; high discharge| home| 1946|-!Nickel metal hydride battery| 1.2| 0.11-0.29| 30-80| 140-300| 250-1000| 66%| 1.37| 20%| 1000|| lightl; high capacity| expensive; high discharge| hybrid cars| 1983|-!Nickel-zinc battery|| 0.22| 60| 170||| 2-3.3|||| lightl| short life| light e-cars||-!rowspan="5"|Lithium!Lithium ion battery| 3.6| 0.58| 160| 270| 1800| 99.9%| 2.8-5http://www.werbos.com/E/WhoKilledElecPJW.htm (which links to http://www.thunder-sky.com/home_en.asp)| 5%-10%| 1200| 2-3| lightl; low maintenance; low discharge;| volatile; tempt; cost; short life| digital eq.| 1990|-!Lithium ion polymer battery| 3.7| 0.47-0.72| 130-200| 300| 3000+http://www.a123systems.com/html/tech/power.html||||| ~0.5| thin; lightl; safe| as above; plus charge probl.x; expensive| personal digital assistant| 1996|-!Lithium iron phosphate battery| 3.25|| 80-120|||| 0.7-1.6|| 2000+http://zeva.com.au/tech/LiFePO4.php|| lightl low maintenance; high discharge; high power; price;| new; availability|| 1997|-!Li sulfur||||||||||| lightl||| 1994|-!Nano Titanate batteryhttp://www.altairnano.com/documents/NanoSafeBackgrounder060920.pdf | 13.8|| 90|| 4000+| 87-95%r||| 9000-15000| 20+|||| 2007|-!Thin film Li| ?|| 350| 959| 6000|| ?phttp://www.excellatron.com/pilotline.htm || 40000||||||-!Flow battery!Zinc bromide battery||||||||||| rapid charge, by replacing the electrolyte liquid||||-!rowspan="5"|Other!Sodium-sulfur battery|||||| 89%-92%||||| lightl; cheap|rowspan="2"| temp>400°Ct|||-!Molten salt battery||| 70-110http://www.betard.co.uk/new_zebra.pdf|| 150-220|| 4.54http://www.evworld.com/article.cfm?storyid=465|| 3000+| 8+| lightl; power| e-cars?||-!Super iron battery|||||||||||||| ~2004|-!Silver zinc battery||||||||||| lightl| cost| Apollo||-!Rechargeable alkaline battery| 1.5||||||||||||| 1993|-!Non-chemical!Flywheel energy storage| n.a.| .50| 130||| 90%|| 2-3%| 105-107,http://www.itpower.co.uk/investire/pdfs/flywheelrep.pdf| 20+| environmentally safe; long life; no memory effect; quick charge and release| heavyl; safety; less mature; costhttp://www.upei.ca/~physics/p261/projects/flywheel1/flywheel1.htm| Uninterruptible power supply| ~1950|}

Notes For brevity, entries in the table had to be abbreviated. For a full description, please refer to the individual article about each type. Battery types for which there is no article yet are listed below.

of several secondary cells

Less common types Lithium sulfur battery: A new battery chemistry developed by Sion Powerhttp://www.sionpower.com since 1994. Claims superior energy to weight than current lithium technologies on the market. Also lower material cost may help this product reach the mass market.http://www.sionpower.com/technology.html Not to be confused with Lithium battery batteries which explode when recharged.Thin film lithium battery: An emerging refinement of the lithium ion technology by Excellatron.http://www.excellatron.com The developers claim a very large increase in recharge cycles, around 40000 cycles. Higher charge and discharge rates. At least 5C charge rate. Sustained 60C discharge, and 1000C peak discharge rate. And also a significant increase in specific energy, and energy density.http://www.excellatron.com/advantage.htm Silver Zinc battery: This once attractive technology had the highest energy density (prior to lithium technologies), and was primarily developed for aircraft use. The worldwide rise in silver prices saw its demise. It was used as the power source for the 'moon buggy' on the later Apollo moon missions.Smart battery: A smart battery has the voltage monitoring circuit built inside. See also Smart battery system.

Alternatives





See also

External links

References

mobile phone battery.A rechargeable battery, also known as a storage battery, is a group of two or more electrochemical cell. These battery (electricity) can be restored to full charge by the application of electrical energy. In other words, they are electrochemical cells in which the electrochemistry chemical reaction that releases energy is readily reversible. Rechargeable electrochemical cells are therefore a type of accumulator. They come in many different designs using different chemicals. Commonly used secondary cell chemistries are Lead-acid battery, Nickel-cadmium battery (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium ion battery (Li-ion), and lithium ion polymer battery (Li-ion polymer).

Rechargeable batteries can offer an economic benefit when used instead of one-time-use disposable batteries. Most rechargeable battery technology has been adapted into the standard “AA,” “AAA,” “C,” “sub-C,” “D,” and “9-volt” configurations that consumers are familiar with. While the rechargeable versions of these types of cells have a higher up-front cost than disposable batteries, rechargeable batteries can be discharged and recharged many times. Some manufacturers of NiMH type rechargeable batteries claim a lifespan up to 3000 charge cycles for their batteries.

Usage and applications Unlike nonrechargeable batteries (primary cells), secondary cells must be charged before use. Attempting to recharge nonrechargeable batteries is not advised as it has a small chance of causing a Battery explosion#Battery explosion.

Some types of rechargeable batteries are susceptible to damage due to Rechargeable battery#Reverse charging if they are fully discharged; other types need to be fully discharged occasionally in order to maintain the capacity for deep discharge. Fully integrated battery chargers that optimize the charging current are available.

Rechargeable batteries currently are used for lower power applications such as automobile starters, portable consumer devices, tools, and uninterruptible power supply. Emerging applications in petroleum electric hybrid vehicle and battery electric vehicle are driving the technology to improve cost, reduce weight, and increase lifetime. Future applications are proposed to use rechargeable batteries for load leveling, where they would store baseline electric power for use during peak load periods, and for renewable energy uses, such as storing power generated from photovoltaic arrays during the day to be used at night.

The National Electrical Manufacturers Association has estimated that U.S. demand for rechargeables is growing twice as fast as demand for nonrechargeables. http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/reduce/epr/products/batteries.htm

Charging During charging, the positive active material is oxidized, producing electrons, and the negative material is reduced, consuming electrons. These electrons constitute the electric current flow in the external electrical network. The electrolyte may serve as a simple buffer for ionic flow between the electrodes, as in lithium-ion battery and nickel-cadmium battery cells, or it may be an active participant in the electrochemical reaction, as in lead-acid battery cells.

The reactions in lead-acid cells are illustrated in the following diagrams.





The half-cell reactions and overall cell reaction for the lead-acid system are as follows:

Positive electrode

\mbox{PbO}_2 + \mbox{SO}_4^{2-} + 4\mbox{H}^+ +4e^- \begin{smallmatrix}{\mbox{discharge-->\\{\longrightarrow}\\{\longleftarrow}\\{\mbox{charge-->\end{smallmatrix} \mbox{PbSO}_4 + 2\mbox{H}_2\mbox{O}

Negative electrode

\mbox{Pb} + \mbox{SO}_4^{2-} \begin{smallmatrix}{\mbox{discharge-->\\{\longrightarrow}\\{\longleftarrow}\\{\mbox{charge-->\end{smallmatrix} \mbox{PbSO}_4 + 4e^-

Overall reaction

\mbox{PbO}_2 + \mbox{Pb} + 2\mbox{H}_2\mbox{SO}_4 \begin{smallmatrix}{\mbox{discharge-->\\{\longrightarrow}\\{\longleftarrow}\\{\mbox{charge-->\end{smallmatrix} 2\mbox{PbSO}_4 + 2\mbox{H}_2\mbox{O}



The energy used to charge rechargeable batteries mostly comes from mains electricity using an adapter unit. It can be wired or wireless energy transfer. Charging backup batteries using Energy demand management energy paid for by on-peak excess electric power from residential Photovoltaic modules exactly matches the critical peak shortage and nightly electric surplus. This load-leveling function helps eliminate the need for expensive peaking power plants and helps amortize the cost of generators over more hours of operation. Charging from the 12-volt battery of a car is also possible. Use of a electrical generator is also possible, but it is not clear if such devices are commercially made. One can also use portable batteries to charge or to be used directly after recharging. Most battery chargers can take several hours to charge a battery (excepting Nano Titanate battery). Most batteries can be charged in far less time than the most common simple battery chargers are capable of. Duracell now sells a charger that can charge AA- and AAA-size NiMH batteries in just 15 minutes. Flow battery don't need to be charged on place, because they can be charged by replacing the electrolyte liquid.

Battery manufacturers' technical notes often refer to VPC. This is Volts Per Electrochemical cell, and refers to the individual secondary cells that make up the battery. For example, to charge a 12V battery (containing 6 cells of 2V each) at 2.3VPC requires a voltage of 15.6V across the battery's terminals.

Recharging electric vehicles Recharging an electric vehicle using off-peak energy paid for by on-peak excess electric power from residential solar panels exactly matches the critical peak shortage and nightly electric surplus. While electric vehicles can charge slowly at night, raising the nightly low electric use, solar panels can lower the daytime peak, flattening the daily usage curve and lowering the cost of electric power for all users.

Reverse charging Reverse charging, which damages batteries, is when a rechargeable battery is recharged with its polarity reversed. Reverse charging can occur under a number of circumstances, the two most important being:



Active Components The active components in a secondary cell are the chemicals that make up the positive and negative active materials, and the electrolyte. The positive and negative are made up of different materials, with the positive exhibiting a redox potential and the negative having an oxidation potential. The sum of these potentials is the standard cell potential or voltage.

In primary cells the positive and negative electrodes are known as the cathode and anode, respectively. Although this convention is sometimes carried through to rechargeable systems—especially with lithium-ion battery cells, because of their origins in primary lithium cells—this practice can lead to confusion. In rechargeable cells the positive electrode is the cathode on discharge and the anode on charge, and vice versa for the negative electrode.

Example: Nickel Metal Hydride

Nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) is the active component in the positive, while the negative is composed of hydrogen in the form of metal hydride. The electrolyte of this secondary cell is an aqueous form of potassium hydroxide.

In the discharge process, the nickel oxyhydroxide is reduced to nickel hydroxide and the metal hydride is reduced to an alloy.

Nickel-Metal Hydride

{| border="1" style="background-color:#FFFF88"|style="background-color:#FFFF00" |Location|align="center" style="background-color:#FFFF00"|Reactions|style="background-color:#FFFF00" |Voltage|-|align="center" height="28" |Negative|MH + OH- —> M + H2O + e-|align="center" |0.83|-|align="center" height="28" |Positive|valign="top" |NiOOH + H2O + e- —> Ni(OH)2 + OH-|align="center" |0.52|-|align="center" height="28" |Overall|NiOOH + MH —> Ni(OH)2 + M|align="center" |1.35|}

Battery types {| class="wikitable"!rowspan="2"|Technology!rowspan="2"|Type!Voltagea!colspan="3"|Energy densityb!Powerc!Effi.d!E/$e!Disch.f!Cyclesg!Lifeh!rowspan="2"|Advantages!rowspan="2"|Disadvantages!rowspan="2"|Applic.k!rowspan="2"|Since|-!style="font-weight: normal"|(V)!style="font-weight: normal"|(MJ/kg)!style="font-weight: normal"|(Wh/kg)!style="font-weight: normal"|(Wh/L)!style="font-weight: normal"|(W/kg)!style="font-weight: normal"|(%)!style="font-weight: normal"|!style="font-weight: normal"|(%/mo)!style="font-weight: normal"|(#)!style="font-weight: normal"|(years)|-!rowspan="2"| Lead-acid! Lead-acid battery| 2.1 or 2.2| 0.11-0.14| 30-40| 60-75| 180| 70%-92%| 5-8| 3%-4%| 500-800|| price, well understood, dependable, low maintenance| heavyl; environmentally unfriendly; storageq| car battery| 1859|-!VRLAi]||-!rowspan="4"|Nickel!Nickel-iron battery| 1.2| 0.18| 50|| 100| 65%| 5-7.3 mpoweruk.com: Accumulator and battery comparisons (pdf)| 20%-40%||| robust| heavyl; tempt; cost| backup| 1903|-!Nickel-cadmium battery| 1.2| 0.14-0.22| 40-60| 50-150| 150| 70%-90%|| 20%| 1500|| long life; fast charge| heavyl; toxic; high discharge| home| 1946|-!Nickel metal hydride battery| 1.2| 0.11-0.29| 30-80| 140-300| 250-1000| 66%| 1.37| 20%| 1000|| lightl; high capacity| expensive; high discharge| hybrid cars| 1983|-!Nickel-zinc battery|| 0.22| 60| 170||| 2-3.3|||| lightl| short life| light e-cars||-!rowspan="5"|Lithium!Lithium ion battery| 3.6| 0.58| 160| 270| 1800| 99.9%| 2.8-5http://www.werbos.com/E/WhoKilledElecPJW.htm (which links to http://www.thunder-sky.com/home_en.asp)| 5%-10%| 1200| 2-3| lightl; low maintenance; low discharge;| volatile; tempt; cost; short life| digital eq.| 1990|-!Lithium ion polymer battery| 3.7| 0.47-0.72| 130-200| 300| 3000+http://www.a123systems.com/html/tech/power.html||||| ~0.5| thin; lightl; safe| as above; plus charge probl.x; expensive| personal digital assistant| 1996|-!Lithium iron phosphate battery| 3.25|| 80-120|||| 0.7-1.6|| 2000+http://zeva.com.au/tech/LiFePO4.php|| lightl low maintenance; high discharge; high power; price;| new; availability|| 1997|-!Li sulfur||||||||||| lightl||| 1994|-!Nano Titanate batteryhttp://www.altairnano.com/documents/NanoSafeBackgrounder060920.pdf | 13.8|| 90|| 4000+| 87-95%r||| 9000-15000| 20+|||| 2007|-!Thin film Li| ?|| 350| 959| 6000|| ?phttp://www.excellatron.com/pilotline.htm || 40000||||||-!Flow battery!Zinc bromide battery||||||||||| rapid charge, by replacing the electrolyte liquid||||-!rowspan="5"|Other!Sodium-sulfur battery|||||| 89%-92%||||| lightl; cheap|rowspan="2"| temp>400°Ct|||-!Molten salt battery||| 70-110http://www.betard.co.uk/new_zebra.pdf|| 150-220|| 4.54http://www.evworld.com/article.cfm?storyid=465|| 3000+| 8+| lightl; power| e-cars?||-!Super iron battery|||||||||||||| ~2004|-!Silver zinc battery||||||||||| lightl| cost| Apollo||-!Rechargeable alkaline battery| 1.5||||||||||||| 1993|-!Non-chemical!Flywheel energy storage| n.a.| .50| 130||| 90%|| 2-3%| 105-107,http://www.itpower.co.uk/investire/pdfs/flywheelrep.pdf| 20+| environmentally safe; long life; no memory effect; quick charge and release| heavyl; safety; less mature; costhttp://www.upei.ca/~physics/p261/projects/flywheel1/flywheel1.htm| Uninterruptible power supply| ~1950|}

Notes For brevity, entries in the table had to be abbreviated. For a full description, please refer to the individual article about each type. Battery types for which there is no article yet are listed below.

of several secondary cells

Less common types Lithium sulfur battery: A new battery chemistry developed by Sion Powerhttp://www.sionpower.com since 1994. Claims superior energy to weight than current lithium technologies on the market. Also lower material cost may help this product reach the mass market.http://www.sionpower.com/technology.html Not to be confused with Lithium battery batteries which explode when recharged.Thin film lithium battery: An emerging refinement of the lithium ion technology by Excellatron.http://www.excellatron.com The developers claim a very large increase in recharge cycles, around 40000 cycles. Higher charge and discharge rates. At least 5C charge rate. Sustained 60C discharge, and 1000C peak discharge rate. And also a significant increase in specific energy, and energy density.http://www.excellatron.com/advantage.htm Silver Zinc battery: This once attractive technology had the highest energy density (prior to lithium technologies), and was primarily developed for aircraft use. The worldwide rise in silver prices saw its demise. It was used as the power source for the 'moon buggy' on the later Apollo moon missions.Smart battery: A smart battery has the voltage monitoring circuit built inside. See also Smart battery system.

Alternatives





See also

External links

References



 

Rechargeable Battery



 
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